Drugs and Musicians in “Sonny’s Blues” by James Baldwin Essay

When first reading â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin, it may initially seem that the relationship between musicians and drugs is synonymous. Public opinion suggests that musicians and drugs go hand and hand. The possibility lies that Sonny’s passion for jazz music is the underlying reason for his drug use, or even the world of jazz music itself brought drugs into Sonny’s life. The last statement is what the narrator believes to be true. However, by delving deeper and examining the theme of music in the story, it is nothing but beneficial for Sonny and the other figures involved. Sonny’s drug use and his music are completely free of one another. Sonny views his jazz playing as a ray of light to lead him away from the dim and dismal future†¦show more content†¦The story mentions at one point that the music stops and so does the barmaid. It has her full attention and she waits for it to start back. The music is the manipulator and she is i ts marionette waiting for it to guide her again. A few more examples that music soothes and comforts the soul are the mother gently humming while Sonny is out on the streets, Sonny’s brother, the narrator, whistles to keep from crying after reconciliation with Sonny fails. At first glance these may seem to be insignificant details, but when analyzed they prove that music is a source people lean on for comfort whenever they are in a state of worry or despair. Perhaps one of the strongest demonstrations of the power of music in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is the street revival. Everyone has seen these types of revivals before. Every song has been heard by the crowd, but when the music starts everyone stops, watches, and listens. â€Å"As the singing filled the air the watching, listening faces underwent a change, the eyes focusing on something within; the music seemed to soothe a poison out of them; and time seemed, nearly, to fall away from the sullen, belligerent, bat tered faces† (57). The music from the street revival helps lifts the hopelessness from the crowd and provides a sense of relief. Music is able to bring people from all walks of life together. It gives them a sense of calm and ease, an assurance that something is there to help. Music listens.Show MoreRelatedAdversity In Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin892 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† utilizes race, poverty, stereotypes, and adversity to shine a light on the struggle to escape circumstance. Throughout the text, Baldwin describes the hardships leaching the life out of Harlem’s black community from the narrator’s perspective. Sonny, the narrator’s brother, struggles with his identity and ability to feel emotion leading him to the world of music and drugs, â€Å"To be aware of oneself, Baldwin believes, is to feel a sense of loss, to know where we are andRead MoreJames Baldwin s Sonny s Blues905 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is a work by James Baldwin entitled Sonny’s Blues. What interests me about this work is the quote, â€Å"For, while the tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted, and how we may triumph is never new, it always must be heard. There isn’t any other tale to tell, it’s the only light we’ve got in all this darkness.† In this connection, the question that I want to research is why would a man like James Baldwin represent a character like Sonny in Sonny’s Blues? James Baldwin is a man of his wordsRead MoreAnalysis Of Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin956 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin was born on August 2, 1924, to a single mother in Harlem. After his mother married his stepfather David Baldwin, who was a Baptist minister, he was adopted by him. Growing up, he didn’t feel as if he was accepted the way his other siblings were, though. In some of Baldwin stories, they often have a similar story line where it seems he is the le ss favored child over everyone else. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† a similar scenario is presented in some ways. While the unnamed narrator often speaksRead More Mending the Relationship of Two Brothers in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues1292 Words   |  6 PagesMending the Relationship of Two Brothers in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues According to Liukkonen, James Baldwin is well known for his novels on sexual and personal identity, and sharp essays on civil-rights struggle in the United States. Sonnys Blues is no exception to this. The story takes place in Harlem, New York in the 1950s and tells of the relationship between two brothers. The older brother, who is the narrator and a participant in the novel, remains unnamed throughout the storyRead MoreDrug Abuse In Sonnys Blues803 Words   |  4 PagesRough Draft James Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is a timeless piece of literature. In this story, Baldwin captures the reality of drug abuse. He tackles the aspects that accompany it, including the consequences that follow and the impact it has on others. Alongside the underlying themes of this story are memorable characters and an impactive message. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† leads a story that can easily take place in everyday life. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is about two brothers. One whom is an unnamed algebraRead MoreEssay about Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin1003 Words   |  5 PagesSonny and his nameless brother in Sonnys Blues. We learn their mannerisms, hobbies, occupations, and even their addictions. It seems we learn nearly everything about the pair; minus the narrators name, as previously stated. Hearing of their histories and the pains theyve under gone, we see how they deal with their pain, which often truly tells character. Sonnys Blues isnt a story of two brothers living in a rough city; one of whom is a talented musician. The story is so much more, its theRead MoreJames Baldwin s Connections With Sonny s Blues996 Words   |  4 Pages James Baldwin’s Connections with Sonny’s Blues On August 2, 1924, in New York’s Harlem neighborhood James Author Baldwin was born. Known as one of the most influential black writers of the twentieth century, James Baldwin wrote on real issues that many people faced in the United States during his time. His writing dealt with the reality of life and tangled with everything from human sexuality, race, and poverty. He was a great reflection of his time and his short story, Sonny’s Blues showsRead MoreJames Baldwin s Reality Through Sonny1253 Words   |  6 Pages James Baldwin’s Reality through Sonny Sonny’s Blues digs deeply into the â€Å"Negro American† during Civil Rights and Jim Crow Era’s. Set in Harlem, New York in the 1950’s. James Baldwin’s stories give insight based on events of his culture and this becomes apparent through the analysis of the characters in Sonny’s Blues. James Baldwin uses his talents to paint a vivid picture of African American life through a fictional story of two brothers who choseRead MoreJames Baldwin s Sonny s Blues1452 Words   |  6 PagesJames Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues is a short story that, for some people, could be considered a challenging read. Not because of the level of difficulty, but for the fact that it shares a lot of human angst. However, Baldwin’s story still manages to be entertaining, as well as holding many life lessons in it. Baldwin’s story teaches lessons such as; dealing with suffering, being supportive, and accepting differences. James Baldwin’s Sonn y’s Blues does a noble job of relating to the readers on variousRead MoreRacism In Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin993 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of people all over the world. Although racial bias has been around for many years, it only seems to be progressing into something that one simply cannot comprehend. In the short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† the author, James Baldwin, emphasizes the lasting effect of racism throughout the story. While Baldwin vaguely expresses the impact of racial bias on the character Sonny, the audience infers the idea the author is trying to convey. In the story, racism is a significant factor of symbolism portrayed

Differences Between Egyptian And Egyptian Civilization Essay

Egyptians: A country in North Africa, along the Mediterranean Sea, and is among the grandeur of Egyptian culture which influenced many ancient civilizations. Small agrarian communities became the first medical texts describing the treatment of over 200 different diseases around 1500 BCE. Stability was a hallmark of Egyptian culture. Given the duration of Egyptian civilizations, there were surprisingly few basic changes in styles and beliefs. Egyptian emphasis on stability was reflected in their view of a changeless afterlife, suggesting a conscious attempt to argue that persistence was virtue. Egypt emphasized strong central authority, the differences also owed something to different politic, for Egyptian ability to organize masses of labors followed form its centralized government structures and strong bureaucracy. Social differences were less obvious during daily life to early civilization. Egyptian civilization has received some inspiration from Sumer, but distinctive pattern soon devel oped in both religion and politics. The status of women was greatest in Egypt where women’s position seems to have deteriorated after Sumer. Egyptians paid great respect to women at least in the upper classes, in part because marriage alliances were vital to the preservation and stability of the monarchy, Also, Egyptian religion included more pronounced deference to goddesses as sources of creativity. Comparison suggests civilization that varied substantially because of largelyShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Civilizations On Egypt And Mesopotamia1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe rise of civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia occurred around the same time and the environment and natural forces affected the similarities and differences in social, political, and economic stability. There were many similarities and differences between both of these countries as well. In both cases, it was the river valley and geography that affected the agriculture, religious views, and government structures. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization developed in the Middle East and wereRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay: Ancient Egypt and Greece 812 Words   |  4 PagesEssay: Ancient Egypt and Greece There are many mysteries to life, ancient civilizations created religion to explain these mysteries. Many ancient civilizations believed in religions that worshiped more than one god or goddess, this is called polytheism. Both the Ancient Egyptians and the Ancient Greeks practiced polytheism. For both ancient civilizations religion was an important part of daily life. Ancient Egyptians and Ancient Greeks had similar creation stories and worshipped similar gods andRead MoreThe Mesopotamia And The Nile River Valley1596 Words   |  7 PagesValley. These two civilizations are two of the most favorable ancient civilizations. Although these civilizations are similar in many ways, the small, but impacting differences it what makes these two civilizations stand out the most. The Nile River Valley was located in northern Africa in a country called Egypt. Mesopotamia was located in modern day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and parts of Turkey. The origin of Mesopotamia comes from the meaning â €Å"between two rivers.† The land is between the Tigris andRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Civilizations958 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history there have been similarities between civilizations, some of which were on separate parts of the world. Many scholars and historians have been baffled by the discoveries of these similarities due to the fact that these cultures were not only hundreds of miles apart but also were separated by hundreds of years. The ancient Egyptian civilization located in northern Africa around 3,100 B.C. is considered to be one of the cradles of civilization and also a major contributor to the technologyRead MoreWorld of Gods and the World of Men as Perceived by the Sumerians1052 Words   |  5 PagesEvolutions of civilizations can occur because of differences in people’s religion, culture, or geographic setting of the settlement. The relationship between the world of the gods and that of men was perceived differently by t he Sumerians, Egyptians, and Hebrew ancient civilizations. This is demonstrated by the way each group viewed the process of creation. They had different thoughts on the creation of their gods, the universe and of man. This essay will discuss the relationship between humans andRead MoreMesopotamia and Egypt Comparative Essay876 Words   |  4 Pages2011 Mesopotamia and Egypt Comparative Essay While both the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations share similar political, social and economic qualities, the details of these broad spectrums branch off in opposite directions. For example, both Mesopotamia and Egypt were ruled by kings, but in Egypt, their kings were called pharaohs and they had significantly more power than the Mesopotamian kings of the city-states. Both civilizations also had social classes in which a person fit into, but in MesopotamiaRead MoreThe Similarities And Differences Of Greek And Egyptian Civilizations1068 Words   |  5 Pagesknown ancient civilizations in history are those of the Greeks and the Egyptians. Both are famous in their history and favored by many. Each of these civilizations were built from the ground up, and they developed their own culture, practices, religions, and architectures. Although these two civilizations are similar in having this development, they differ significantly in each of these aspects of life. In this essay, we wil l observe the similarities and differences of Greek and Egyptian religion, asRead MoreThe Rise Of Civilization And Ancient Civilizations898 Words   |  4 PagesThe rise of civilization has always fascinated people. Since the appearance of anatomically modern human beings, some one hundred and fifty thousand years ago, the emergence of civilization has been one of the most important accomplishments of people. Civilization is defined as â€Å"an organizing principle that implies common institutions, economic systems, social structures, and values that extend over space and time† (Matthews 3). Some of the things that make up a civilization are religion, governmentRead MoreAccording to the modern researchers, the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations likely seem very1200 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the modern researchers, the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations likely seem very similar. They had cities, a relatively high standard of living, music, arts , religion, writing, and literature.They both developed at the same time . However, they differed in important and some different ways, especially in terms of culture, politics, religion, art and architecture. Also, they have the geography which is their located differently. Egypt lies on the fertile Nile River valley ,Read MoreEssay about Comparison of Ancient China and Ancient Egypt954 Words   |  4 PagesThere were four main ancient River Valley civilizations: the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia, the Nile River of Egypt, the Indus River of India, and the Yellow River of China. These civilizations showed specific similarities and contrasting differences. Many of these differences and similarities showed up in the three categories of the technological advances, the types of government, and the geography of the civilization. Two civilizations that are very interesting to delve deeper into and study

To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself Free Essays

To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself. Not all change is progress, whether it be large or small. People change over time, it maybe age, experience, understanding or maturity that causes this change. We will write a custom essay sample on To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself or any similar topic only for you Order Now As people change so does their perspective, of others, of life or themselves. This is expressed through my chosen texts, Looking For Alibrandi, Bend it like Beckham and Sky high. Bend it like Beckham follows the story of Jess Barah who lives in a traditional Indian family whose dream is to play soccer professionally, except Jess’s ambitions are supressed by her parents expectations of her living a traditional Indian life. As the film develops we learn Jess’s father’s past reflects his attitude – that is, due to their ethnic background, Jess will be an outcast. Just as Nonna Alibrandis’s past influences her attitudes. It is only at the end of Bend it like Beckham that Jess’s father changes and allows her to play soccer. He changes his perspective to , that her happiness is more important, as the actor who played Jess’s father said â€Å"If you try – you risk failing, if you don’t – you ensure it†. This is the same sort of attitude that Jess’s father adopts. Jess’s parents change as they begin to understand her reasoning. This is the same with Josie as she changes her perspective of her Nonna when she starts to understand her Nonna’s past. During the period of time we look at Josie she changes as she experiences situations, such as John Barton’s death. She is able to look at this and realise that not everything is as it seems from the outside. She recognises that money social standing may in fact not be, the be all and end all. In sky high the young girl is looking back at her past and now she has changed over time. Swinging on the clothes line is no longer fun and exciting as she has experience life. Maturity means that she can’t be free as she once was as she comments â€Å"The earth spins below me. I am flying. This is similar to Jess in the film as she was once young and free to do as she pleased, but no she is tied down by her parents. In Sky High the first 5 paragraphs talk about the childhood, then it suddenly jumps to the 6th where she talks of how she is older and has changed. This sudden jump shows the extreame change that although would have happened slowly over time, the realisation of the change was sudden. The 5 paragraphs build up this image in the readers mind, then in the last paragraph our perspective changes from a fairy tale like conquest of the clothes line to the harsh reality of the situation. In Bend it like Beckham, we are given the picture of the traditional Indian lifestyle and ideals in Jess’s house. This is then compared to the modern outside world of soccer, where the gender roles and expectations are totally different. The use of juxtaposition shows the viewer just how traditional and perhaps even extreme parent views really are. Jess in Bend it like Beckham has shown me that change doesn’t always happen easily. It was only due to herpersistance and extreme different attitudes compared to her parents that enabled Jess’s parents to change. The film uses younger characters to show the changing gender roles in society. We can see that in soccer and Jess’s community the issue of gender changes to being less relevant. By using these younger characters, many people are able to relate to them, being young now or were once young. Looking For Alibrandi also uses this technique. In the book we are told of everything through Josie. This enables us to experience change as Josie does. When we look at the start of the book and then the end, we can see a significant change, although following the book through we only see a gradual change. As the reader experiences change through Josie, they are able to relate to her. Another technique that Looking For Alibrandi uses is that we aren’t told of Nonna’s past until late in the book. We are give Josie’s perspective, that her Nonna is just a ‘ vain old women ‘. This perspective is built up and then when Josie discovers her past we are suddenly exposed to a new perspective and new understanding. Sky High has developed my understanding of change as it has shown how change can occur very suddenly. It has supplemented with Looking for Alibrandi in that time and experience lead to change. Sky High shows a negative type of change, as this girl is no longer able to let go and this has reinforced my understanding that not all change is progress. Examining Looking for Alibrandi in this context has changed my perspective of the characters. It has shown me how change occurs through understanding, and understanding means we have knowledge, therefore the power or choice to change. Every one has the ability to change. How to cite To understand changing perspectives we must first look at change itself, Papers

Genet A Biography Essay Example For Students

Genet: A Biography Essay No biography is ever wholly true. The art of the biographer lies in arriving at the most accurate misreadings possible, and then transforming these into a chronology of psychological and material causes and effects which make up the document of a life. Jean-Paul Sartres now-famous conceit about Jean Genets identity, his coupling of the emblematic categories of criminal and saint, directs one to read the writers life as a merging of the opposed personae represented in all Genets texts by those doubled characters like Solange and Claire in The Maids or LeFranc and Maurice in Deathwatch. In Sartres voluminous study, which did much to establish Genets reputation as one of Frances major 20th-century writers, Genet becomes the existential outsider, both criminal and saint, a figure living beyond the moral boundaries delimiting social and cultural discourse. In this formulation, Genets thieving and homosexuality become literal manifestations of his status as a metaphorical outcast who filte rs the world around him through the perspective of a voyeur. In his stately, almost aristocratic, often brilliant but infuriating new biography (winner of this years National Book Critics Circle award for biography), Edmund White proceeds with a similar strategy, but the conceit he uses to evoke his subject is both more complex and more elusive. White cites a revealing section of The Thiefs Journal in which Genet betrays the way he thinks: In order to survive my desolation, when Id turned back in on myself, without noticing it I worked out a rigorous discipline. The mechanism went a bit like this (since then Ive kept on using it); with each charge lodged against me, no matter how unfair, in my heart of hearts I answered yes. Scarcely had I muttered this word-or a phrase that meant the same thing-than I felt within myself the need to become what Id been accused of being . I recognized that I was the coward, the traitor, the thief, the faggot that they saw in me . With a little patience and thorough soul-searching I was able to discover enough r easons for being named with these names.l grew accustomed to this condition. I admitted it with tranquility. The scorn people felt for me changed into hatred: Id succeeded. Genets character, his self-dramatization, seems to follow from this assertion. He consistently makes himself into a reflection of the image others project onto him, transforming most radically when he accommodates Sartres dialectic by filling the roles Sartre outlined for him in his book. As White shows with remarkable skill, Genet wrote to reinvent himself. He moved from role to role with elusive ease so that the individual, Jean Genet, seemed present only as a sequence of parts assumed to confront the exigencies of the moment. Avoiding sensationalism   How then does one write the biography of an unfixable individual, of an endlessly shifting mask? Genet, for whom writing was a way to order his emotional experience, solved his own version of this problem by celebrating the mask. He re-created his life as myth, as a fiction which moved between the real and the imaginary and his success lay in hiding his self behind layers of constructed facades. His early novels poetically shuffled the identities he performed, arranging anew the many facets of his contradictory personality. White uses Genets autobiographical fictions as documents which cannot be read as verifiably true, but which present embellished versions of Genets inner world, pointing, perhaps, to an apprehension of the imagination which created them. He quotes liberally from those passages in the novels which seem to reflect Genets own responses to the institutions and people around him. But because he suspects the veracity of these poetic passages, White meticulously documents other responses to circumstances similar to the ones Genet experienced. .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b , .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b .postImageUrl , .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b , .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b:hover , .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b:visited , .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b:active { border:0!important; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b:active , .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8cdddad3c7f254e52d816f46d75cbd8b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adrienne Kennedy EssayFor example, to arrive at a fuller understanding of Genets infatuation with the Palestine Liberation Organization, White offers eye-witness testimonies from people who were either involved with the group or knew Genet during this period, and supplements them with historical accounts of PLO activities. He then arrives at the conclusion that Genets experience was different from virtually everyone elses. This kind of research is standard practice for most biographers, even those who revel in the betrayal of sordid, scandalous secrets (although White avoids the sensationalism to which a biography of Genet especially might be prone), but standard practice may not be the best strategy for this biographys mercurial subject. White seems to know this: He acknowledges the impossibility of pinning Genet within the pages of his book, but then tries to employ strategies that will achieve exactly that. In the course of his detailed interrogation into the various institutions which affected Genet (using Michel Foucaults historiographic treatise, Discipline and Punish, as a theoretical model), White draws from his analysis of Genets formative years a set of paradigmatic situations which serve to measure Genets adult relationships. His childhood experiences in the home of his poor foster parents, and his later incarceration with the inmates at Mettray an all-male penal colony for delinquent juveniles become, for White, tropes which emerge in the way Genet approaches and assimilates his adult experiences. The hierarchical ordering of prison life becomes a condition Genet seeks out in the organizations to which he later attaches himself. His novels and plays represent worlds that resemble prisons in their authoritarian social organization; even the very media with which he works appear formally ordered and rigorously stratified. Genets sympathetic engagement with oppressed groups that rebelled against prevalent social conditions-the Black Panthers, the African resistance to French imperialism, the PLO-finds a ready parallel with his earlier situation at Mettray and the other prisons where he spent much of his twenties. This sympathy is complicated by his erotic attraction to his personal oppressors, overtly heterosexual figures like the older bullies he married at Mettray, and American and French policemen and soldiers. Fascinatingly repulsive   This literal exhibition of Genets sexuality, both in his writing and his personal liaisons, becomes a way for White to make Genets private expression political. In a recent lecture, White asserted that Genet wrote to seduce the heterosexual reader. He went on to suggest that this motive was decidedly political in its attempt to confront the surface rectitude of Genets audience with the poetic sociology of an alien underworld. Viewed from what might be considered a normative perspective, this focus implies the invention of an other which is fascinatingly repulsive, an other that signifies unknown territory, uncharted human experience, but that attracts by appearing violent and vital-which lends Whites analysis of Genets psyche an importance beyond the narrow limits of the artists particular psychology, and implies that this biography of Genet is also a socio-historic accounting of the culture which made him what he was. But White seems to place himself outside the seductive power of Genet as other. His writing is lucid and elegant, consistently moving away from the lush hyperbole of Genets own prose. He attempts to flatten where Genet ornaments, using his detailed research to get under the surface of Genets texts and into the workings of his mind. But, as White knows, the texts (and the man) retain many layers of onion skin, layers that merge into each other to create a complexly patterned fabric that is at its core a grand illusion. For at the heart of this book is an absence, a hole around which all Whites words revolve. A hole where Genet should be. .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e , .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e .postImageUrl , .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e , .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e:hover , .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e:visited , .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e:active { border:0!important; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e:active , .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3b0fb8d658f910cf986c95fa28b7c5e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Royal Court Theatre EssayAnd Genet remains, like the Queen in The Balcony, in and not in his palace of the imagination, embroidering and not embroidering his lace handkerchief, to be conjured only in and through a fictional language which reflects, always, itself.

Hhw Kv free essay sample

Explain your anticipation is a diary (150 words). Que. 3: Write the critical appreciation of the poem ‘The frog and the night in gale’. Que. 4: Describe how â€Å"Mrs. Packletide’s tiger† shows the qualities of jealousy, ill-will, black mailing and false social prestige†. Write your answer in about 150 words. Que. 5: Sugandha was returning home after her tuition class. It was late and her friend Avantika who walked home with her had left early. As she walked along the road she saw†¦ complete the story in about 150 words. Que. 6: Pick up five interesting article/news, paste their picture and write your reviews on it. Maths Design 04 crossword puzzles based on:- (i) Number system (ii) Statistics (iii) Triangles and its properties (iv) Lines and Angles Science BIOLOGY HOLIDAY HOMEWORK (CLASS X) 1. Do exercise questions of lesson ‘Life Processes’. Learn all diagrams, definitions and Question-Answers. 2. Make a powerpoint presentation on any one topic :- a) Life Processes b) Control and Co-ordination 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Hhw Kv or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Practical – Write the following practicals in the Practical notebook :- a) Observing stomata b) Light is necessary for photosynthesis c) CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis 4. Do MCQs of the above practicals in homework and learn them. . Scrapbook/File – Do comparative study of brains of different animals :- a) Elephant b) Dog c) Lion d) Ape e) Human Beings 6. Show the process of digestion with the help of diagrams in the following :- a) Cow b) Bear c) Lion S. St. 1 make a file on disaster management write about 10 recent disasters,that the world has faced. 2on an outline map of india mark the following 1 wild life sanctuaries 2national parks 3 10 mountains 4 10 rivers 5 10 dams 3 make a report on I P L 4complete all the exercises that we have done. What effect will this have on the image of an object placed in front of the mirror? Q4. A person standing before a concave mirror cannot see his inverted image unless he stands beyond the centre of curvature. Why? Q5. A ray of light falls on a mirror normally. What are the values of the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection? Q6. How is the focal length of a spherical mirror affected, when the wavelength of the light used is increased? Q7. Give the ratio of velocities of two light waves traveling in vacuum and having wavelengths 4000A0 and 8000A0. Q8. For what angle of incidence, the lateral shift produced by parallel sided glass plate is zero? Q9. What happens to the focal length of convex lens, when it is immersed in water? Q10. Name the type of lenses used for correcting a (i) myopic (ii) hypermetropic and (iii) an astigmatic eye. Q11. Why does the sky appear blue? Q12. An object is placed at (i) 10 cm, (ii) 5 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 15 cm. Find the position, nature, and magnification of the image in each case. Q13. What focal length should the reading spectacles have for a person for whom the least distance of distinct vision is 50 cm?

Esophageal Cancer Paper

Esophageal Cancer Paper Esophageal Cancer Paper Esophageal Cancer Esophageal Cancer Angelina Poindexter Phoenix University Esophageal Cancer The esophagus main purpose is to control the passage of food to the stomach, but painful and/or difficulty swallowing makes it hard for food to pass through (dysphagia). Cancer of the esophagus is presented as a malignant tumor arising from the tissue of the esophagus and is known as one of the leading causes of cancer deaths. There are two main types of esophageal cancer and are named according to the area where the cancer starts. Cancer of the esophagus is more than like to happen for males 60 years of age or older, but can happen at any age if tobacco and alcohol use is present. Other risk factors are poor diet (lacking fruits and vegetables), obesity, and have other esophageal diseases such as Barrett’s esophagus or acid reflux disease. Barrett’s, is a serious complication of GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) where normal tissue lining the esophagus changes to that of the intestine. A small percentage of patients with GERD develop Barrett†™s esophagus after having GERD symptoms for a long period of time. In most cases this disease is fatal, due in part to the symptoms from it. As the cancer grows, it narrows the esophageal lumen leading to the symptoms of dysphagia, hoarse voice, vomiting, bad breathe, and sour taste in mouth. Loss of weight normally follows with the vomiting and painful swallowing, causes the person not to eat much. Once diagnosed, many thoughts will go through your mind, but it is best to seek a second opinion about your diagnosis and the method of choice planned to fight the disease. I have not personally had this disease, but have had to go through the many stages that come with fighting it with my dad. My dad was diagnosed with Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus on my birthday (6/12/2007). My step-mother and father had a second opinion done in a matter of days and chose a very aggressive action plan due to the fact his cancer was in stage three. Over the course of four months, he had chemoradiation therapy in large doses, then surgery to remove all of his esophagus and a portion of his stomach. The battle was hard on his body, he quit smoking without any outside help and began the treatments. He lost well over 100 pounds within that time, had several hospitalizations due to breathing and heart problems brought on by the chemo. Towards the end of October, he was to have surgery, but could not due to a clot in his brain that caused a mild stroke. The surgery was done early part of November in 2007. He has been cancer free since

An issue in the work environment resolved by the presence of a diverse Essay

An issue in the work environment resolved by the presence of a diverse workforce - Essay Example Dimensions of diversity include but are not limited to: age, ethnicity, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, military experience, parental status, religious beliefs, work experience, and job classification." International company 7i, Network Services Pvt Ltd a BPO company, based in Bangalore, provides various IT-enabled services such as data processing supply chain management, application software and web development to its various subsidiaries world-wide and acquired a sophisticated global tech support centre in Mumbai to provide voice- the BPO centre declined tremendously in the last quarter. Many employees have resigned the job. The Bangalore centre employs 120 staff in total, and 69% of all partners and staff are married women. More than half of women partners and staff, and nearly a third of men, have poor working patterns that take into account their work-life balance needs. The company is one of country's largest employers of people aged 25 years and above and employs staff from a wide range of backgrounds. Working timing starts from morning 8 till 10 o clock in the night. Menasha Sharma working as call centre executive is one such example. ... Working timing starts from morning 8 till 10 o clock in the night.Menasha Sharma working as call centre executive is one such example. She was filled with depression and not able to give time to her daughter and could not give attention with her parents and husband and struggled to fit as an employer and was mentally disturbed in the midst of a busy competitive life. "I needed to make a choice about the way I lived the rest of my life. I could remain overweight, keep smoking, expend all my energy at work, have nothing left for me or my family and probably live the company or else will die." This was the case with almost all the married persons working there. Lack of flexibility in the work environment and long working hours has deprived the productivity of individual and the company as a whole. Employee burnout is caused by a number of things, including an employee's own abilities, their workload, their responsibilities and how much support they have in the workplace. The employees lacked motivation and Value of Diversity Paper 4 enthusiasm.The productivity has decreased. The organization was rated as low family friendly. The staff members were not able to maintain healthy balance between work and their family life. The extreme nature of the work content has resulted in the differences exist between staff and Poor work environment prevails among the employees. Employees were overworked and overstressed are more likely to get sick and have high absentee rates. A lack of work/life balance affected employee's attitude and thus unhappy workers are typically less efficient and can destroy morale. Physical fitness has gone down and most of the employees were overweight, smoking, and lacking strength and motivation energy at work and

Chemical equations, enthalpy changes and chemical equilibrium, acid, Assignment

Chemical equations, enthalpy changes and chemical equilibrium, acid, base and pH, and chemical reactions, chirality, simple organic functional groups and their reactions - Assignment Example State which functional group(s) on Compound  B  could exhibit each of these interactions and describe the properties of each interaction. In your answer make it clear which complementary functional group would need to be present in the receptor for the interaction to occur. From the description and given function of Compound A., it is easy to tell which compound it is since only amino acids and sugars are natural chiral molecules produced in both animals and plants and beyond that, we can tell that the compound is indeed Amino acid since amino acids not sugars are used to treat Parkinson’s Disease. Ligand binding will mostly be either ionic or hydrogen bonds. However, at times, the intermolecular forces of the van der waals will be used to bind the copound to the target receptor. The carboxylic group will exhibit the hydrogen intermolecular bonds due to presence of the hydrogen molecule while the amino group will exhibit the ionic intermolecular bonds since they form the ions and could also use the van der waals at times. Draw the product of this reaction, name the new functional group produced, state the type of reaction that has occurred, name any other products of the reaction and briefly explain how you arrived at your answer. The presence of the double bond (C=C) in Compound  C  means that the molecule can exist in two different forms, identified by the prefix  cis  or  trans, depending upon the arrangement of the functional groups and hydrogen atoms around the double bond. Draw the two possible forms of Compound  C  showing the positions of the functional group and hydrogen atoms. Assign each the appropriate prefix that would distinguish one from the other and briefly explain what these prefixes indicate. Equal moles of nitric acid (HNO3) and formic acid (HCOOH) were each dissolved in equal volumes of water. State and explain which of the resulting solutions would have the higher pH.

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Research Paper - Essay Example On the same note, there had been fuel crisis when the country was hit by floods. The fuel crisis grew up to the level that people had to stand for hours in cues to get the fuel. Long lines of vehicles were seen on the fuel sources and there were also some instances of insecurity and lawlessness at some places in USA. The fuel i.e. oil and gas is one of the essential needs of the public of USA and the shortage of the fuel made people restless and agitated. On the other hand, USA had been under the drought and almost half of the country was left with no water. The reason told by the authorities concerned were that in USA there had been hot and dry summer which resulted in the drought in half of the country. Another reason which has been given is the increase in the population and estimates have shown that population of the USA has increased 99% and the use of water has increased up to 127% which has given a blow to the use of water resulting in water shortage in USA (Parry 67). 2.0 Ana lysis of the Global Food Crisis Food crisis in the country leads to chaos and ultimately the political government has to face the music. The global food crisis has hit almost every country of the world and it has hit the most to USA. USA has been under the pin of the food crisis since last year and the hot summer and dry weathers have not let the crops grow with the same ratio as they had been growing earlier and a decrease in food production is calculate to be 6.5%. The United Nations has warned of the perceived threats which might grow up after the food shortage (Citrin 27). The UN is of the view that the food crisis particularly in USA is of dire importance as the UN funded projects in the developing countries can be halted in response of this crisis. According to Gurgel, UN estimates show that the supplies throughout the world are very tight and the consumption of the food and related products is much more than the storage (34).This situation is fast consuming the stocks of the food and products. In USA, the according to UN the situation has been worsening and had there been no solutions to this crisis this issue can erupt like a menace in the country where people will find difficult to eat (Smith n.pag). 3.0 Analysis of the Global Fuel Crisis According to Hurd , there has been fuel crisis in the world in the recent times and this fuel crisis spread all over the world with in no time. The fuel like petrol and gas are among the most used objects of the economy of the world. In USA, apparently there had not been any fuel crisis but the floods in the country let the country deprive of the oil supplies and people were left on their own in driving their vehicles. Other than that, there had been the history of fuel crisis in USA back in 1970 (48). According to Christensen, the oil crisis at that time was of political nature as the Middle Eastern and the oil producing countries had imposed an embargo on the supply of the fuel to USA due to the policies of USA whi ch were not acceptable to the Middle Eastern countries (34). According to David, the fuel crisis in such a big country can wreak havoc among the nation as majority of the public is direct under the usage of the fuel in USA (n.pag). 4.0 Analysis of the Global Water Crisis According to California Department of Water Resources, water is one of the basic necessities of the population of the world and if there is the chances of the drought, then the world should look into this matter with an open eye.

Reflective Practice And The Effect Education Essay

Reflective Practice And The Effect Education Essay This essay aims to examine the extent that secondary school teachers understand and involve themselves in reflective practice and the effect of this for their professional development. I will discuss the term Professional Development in order to demonstrate that a change in practice is an important part of development. In the Literature Review I propose to explore a) teachers understanding of professional development, b) how they partake of reflective practice, c) the changes that can be brought about in their reflective practice and d) the issues that are associated with these changes. I believe that the knowledge that secondary teachers acquire is not sufficient in itself and that they should continually strive for professional development so that they can also encourage effective learning by their pupils. I then propose to look at the methods and questions that teachers should ask themselves so that they can identify any discrepancies between espoused theories and theories in use. This ensures that change and development can be addressed, as this identification plays an important element for professional development in which teachers can monitor any changes in practice. Espoused theories have restrictions in not being able to assess the thinking processes that teachers use to revise and change practice. This is due to the processes which are reinforced in the unconscious (theories in use). A teacher may not be aware of these processes (theories in use), and what we espouse when investigating practice, may not be similar with any actions. Espoused theories provide a structure to engage in professional exchange in order to identify discrepancies between espoused beliefs and theories in use. This applies to a large extent on the expertise in which the teacher can reflect on his or her own abilities and also helps another to reflect, question, understand and analyse classroom behaviour which concerns teaching. Beauchamp and Thomas (2009:178) have found the following statement a useful starting point in the overall perception of teacher development: Developing an identity as a teacher is an important part of securing teachers commitment to their work and adherence to professional normsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the identities teachers develop shape their dispositions, where they place their effort, whether and how they seek out professional development opportunities, and what obligations they see as intrinsic to their role. (Hammerness, Darling-Hammond, Bransford, 2005, pp. 383-384) Professional Development has been defined by Evans (2002:132) as the process whereby teachers professionality and/or professionalism may be considered to be enhanced. She defines professionality as an ideological based stance on the part of an individual in relation to the practice to which she/he belongs, and which influences her/his professional practice(2002:131). Professional Development is about becoming more expert. Stenberg(2010:331) refers to the process as extending self- knowledge. It is about questioning and changing habits that were developed in order to cope in certain situations. Mason (2002:1)notes it is a form of personal enquiry in order to broaden and deepen professional sensitivities to notice and to act. We need to understand, therefore, what constitutes the developmental process what must happen in order for teachers to develop. Evans (2002) further identifies within the term professionality, two elements which can be identified, namely Attitudinal Development and Functional Development. Attitudinal Development is the process where teachers attitudes to their work are modified ( p.132). This features an ability for the professional teacher to be reflective/analytical , and also to show elements of motivation e.g. towards a variety of aspects of their work. Clearly, reflection is at the heart of what it means to be a professional(Goodson, 2007:129) and at its best, I believe, that any outcome of reflection is always at the heart of valid self-reflection. Pollard (2005:15) states that reflective teaching implies an active concern with aims and consequences as well as means and technical competence. It is therefore clear that there are particular skills and dispositions associated with being a reflective practitioner. Reflection is widely regarded as a meaningful way for teachers to achieve a deeper sense of self (Beauchamp Thomas, 2009) Functional Development is where teachers professional performance may be improved (p132). This combines changes in the methods that teachers apply to their teaching and also the changes that teachers make in the process of improving their professional performance and as a result a change in their practice. I would argue that these two developmental features are interconnected with teachers not being able to develop one component in relation to one and not the other. Evans'(2002)definition, nonetheless, refers to both of the processes outlined above for promoting professional development( intellectual features) and to the outcomes which come out of this development (changes in processes and productivity). Days (1999)definition of professional development has considerable breadth and depth and: is the process by which, alone and others, teachers review, renew and extend their commitment as change agents to the moral purposes of teaching; and by which they acquire and develop critically the knowledge, skills and emotional intelligence essential to good professional thinking planning and practice with children young people and colleagues through each phase of their teaching lives.(p.4). All learning experiences, according to Day (1999), contribute to educational quality in the classroom and are part of the professional development of teachers. They are critically reflective professionals in their on-going development throughout their teaching careers. According to Bolam (2002), former Professor of Education at Cardiff Universitys School of Social Sciences, professional development is an on-going process in education, training and support activities which is aimed mainly at promoting learning and development of teachers professional knowledge, skills and values and also to help decide and implement valued changes in their teaching and learning behaviour so that they can educate their students more effectively (p.4). For Bolam, professional development is a process that is on-going whose aim is to encourage professional knowledge, values and skills. Professional development will, therefore, result in valued changes in teaching and pupils being educated more effectively. Clearly, reflection is at the heart of what it means to be a professional, (Goodson, 2007:129) and at its best, I believe, that any outcome of reflection is always at the heart of valid self-reflection. Pollard (2005:15) states that reflective teaching implies an active concern with aims and consequences as well as means and technical competence. It is therefore clear that there are particular skills and dispositions associated with being a reflective practitioner. Reflection is widely regarded as a meaningful way for teachers to achieve a deeper sense of self (Beauchamp Thomas, 2009) Reflective practice is fundamental to teacher professional development as it is a core activity within the profession. Teachers who engage in reflective practice need not only to have competencies but also attitudes. When Dewey defined reflective action as behaviour which involves active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or practice in light of the grounds that support it and the further consequences to which it leads (1910:9), he believed that the attitudes of a) open-mindedness, b) responsibility and c) wholeheartedness were necessary for suitable reflective action (1910:29,34). These then were adapted by Pollard (2003:17), and accepted as a major component of professional commitment. Wholeheartedness. Aspiring to develop professional development thereby enabling engaging in reflection and aspiration towards reflection in order to progress in our professional capacity. Open-mindedness. This attitude makes us consider different ways of reflective teaching by investigating other practices rather than relying on their own. I would suggest that, however open-minded we are, we should examine critically whether another practice would suit our own educational goal in our teaching. Responsibility. Professionals who accept responsibility of their action also accept accountability for their enhanced performance which produces better outcomes. Together, these three attitudes need to be demonstrated by teachers whose objectives are to be reflective teachers. In the work of Zeichner and Liston(1996:6)this responsibility for professional commitment is clearly linked to reflective practice: When embracing the concepts of reflective teaching, there is often a commitment by teachersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.to take responsibility for their own professional development. This assumption of responsibility is a central feature of the idea of the reflective teacher. Day (1999) constitutes change as part of planning and professional thinking which contribute to changes in practice because teachers planning and thinking will certainly lead to reflection in what they will do in their classrooms. For Calderhead(2012:11) , planning is not a rational or linear process but a much more creative, interactive, problem finding and problem solving process where a teacher might start with an idea and through various multi-faceted strategies of reflexivity, eventually come to form a classroom activity or activities. Consequently, the major outcome of professional developmental planning is change in practice and, I believe, is a direct function of the adeptness of teachers. Any change is founded upon personal ethical values. We are what we do rather than what we say we are (Bolton 2005.) It is difficult to gain clarification regarding ethical issues expressed in practice, its much easier to say what we believe. Argyris and Schà ¶n(1974:6-7) developed theories of action which demonstrate how changes in behaviour could be achieved. They note that there are two types of theories of action, namely espoused theories and theories in use. Espoused theories represent what we say we believe, we mean to do or actually do. In contrast, theories in use describe what we actually do and the beliefs and theories which have determined what we do. Another contribution by Argyris and Schà ¶n(1974:19) is the difference between single loop learning and double loop learning. Single-loop learning involves enabling people to develop knowledge and skills appropriate to and defined by present circumstances while, in contrast double- loop learning involves redefining the nature of problems faced by an individual and learning how to cope with the new understanding. In single loop learning, the teacher will strive to learn more skills to further increase class control but will not address the fundamental problem that his theory in use is not working. He may consider that maintaining such strict control is disadvantageous to his own effectiveness as a teacher. If he does so, he may now strive to acquire skills that allow for the development for more inclusive teaching styles, greater pupil involvement and a deepening of the learning experience. Such a response can be seen as double loop learning learning that the original theory in use was ineffective and then acquiring skills to modify the theory in use to bring it more in line with the espoused theory with a focus that is deeper and broader than they had previously attempted. Tomlinson(1995:72), nonetheless, recommends us to be alert to the possibility of deskilling ourselves when we try to perform consciously and deliberately actions and skill that are intuitive through experience. For Er aut(2004: 51)its reflecting critically upon that evidence, without necessarily having to explain tacit knowledge that is functioning well. However, if that knowledge is ineffective, the situation has to be reviewed and tacit knowledge subjected to scrutiny. Differentiating between the two theories is central to the work of Argyris and Schà ¶n. One of the main factors which moves the individual from single-loop to double-loop is feedback. The teacher who continues to increase classroom control is unlikely to seek feedback but the teacher who changes his theory-in-use is far more likely to seek feedback from colleagues and pupils when he runs into problems. Tomlinson (1995:26) notes that Schà ¶n and Dreyfus and Dreyfus assume that the acquisition of systematic capabilities like teaching must be seen as requiring assistance from others. One outcome of theory in use is that practitioners are not aware of what their experience has taught them about their practice. They may perform their practice with great expertise but not be able to explicitly describe their actions. The reason being is that actions are supported by theories which are in-built in the unconscious and that cannot be expressed. Teachers may not be aware of all that has taken place while in action or the knowledge about how to perform their practice. According to Osterman and Kottkamp(1993:7) a professional colleague can identify behavioural regularities and also the assumptions that lie beneath them. These behavioural regularities refer to our patterns of behaviour which become second nature to us despite perhaps being ineffective. This, I would argue, are the inconsitencies between espoused theories and theories-in-use that we, as reflective educators, are unaware of. Schà ¶n(1987) uses the term knowing in action in order to show that people know what to do while in action and stresses that knowing in action is implicit. The knowing is in the action (1987:25). However, what this model neglects, according to Thompson and Pascal (2012), is what they refer to as reflection-for-action. This is an aspect of reflective practice that Schà ¶n did not discuss. It refers to the process of planning, thinking ahead about what is to come, so that one can draw on experience (and the professional knowledge base implicit within it) in order to make the best use of the time resources available. While discussing reflective practice in Higher Education, Brockbank and McGill (1998:72) have also noted that even if they are clear as regards the process they follow in order to enable students to learn, there may be an entire range of unintended actions on their part as well as their students. Its only when this application of their practice is brought to their attention, that they are aware of it. One outcome of the unconscious existence of theories in use is inconsistencies between theories in use and espoused theories or between actions and outcomes. Many educators have theories in their head (espoused theories) and yet they behave in ways which are quite dissimilar (theories in use). Is this because they are unaware of the theories- in- use in our unconscious? Teachers may have an idea in their conscious about their actions which may differ from their theories-in-use and even though the outcomes of their actions are inadequate, they may keep applying the same approach with the hope that this approach will, at some time in the future, produce desirable outcomes. These theories-in-use are so deep-rooted within peoples unconscious, that they take them for granted and therefore cannot measure them and cannot see the relationship between their actions and the unacceptable outcomes. Awareness of theories-in-use can be realized when people describe their own actions. Osterman and Kottkamp (1993) define reflective practice as a means by which practitioners can develop à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a greater level of self-awareness about the nature and impact of their performance, an awareness that creates opportunities for professional growth and development (1993:19). Personal reflection may not lead to any significant change and as a result theories-in-use run the risk of remaining implicit. Dadds(1993:287) perceives that we are more likely to remain open to further learning and professional development if we have the support of acquaintances that can help us through the potentially dangerous processes of self-evaluation. However, Eraut(2004:49) notes that the purpose of a reflection episode is not always clear, and may differ among the participants. Sometimes an individual can reflect rather vaguely or if other members of the group have very different agendas. Any positive outcome will depend on having sufficient time, the quality of the relationships within the group and the expertise of any facilitators. Educators can also espouse a broad range of beliefs. Teachers beliefs or conceptions about teaching and learning influence strongly how they teach and what pupils achieve. Belief must be inferred and because it can be problematic to uncover teachers beliefs, most of the research in this area has been case studies as quantitative methods would not be able to compare without difficulty. Pajares ( 1992) proposed that beliefs can be defined as : An individuals judgement of the truth or falsity of a proposition, a judgement that can only be inferred from a collective understanding of what human beings, say, intend and do (1992: 316) According to Calderhead (1996:719) there are five main areas in which teachers have significant beliefs. These are : i) Learners and learning. This belief looks at how pupils learn and how likely they are to influence how teachers approach teaching tasks and their interaction with their pupils. ii) Teaching. This belief refers to the learning environment and the purpose of teaching. iii) Subjects or curriculum. This belief refers at the content of the curriculum, the effect of knowledge within these subjects and the aptitude by teachers in carrying out tasks within their subject. iv) Learning to teach. This belief refers to professional development and how educators learn to teach. v) About the self and the nature of teaching. These are the beliefs that teachers have about themselves and their roles in teaching. Calderhead implied,also, that : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦such areas, however, could well be interconnected, so that beliefs about teaching, for instance, may be closely related to beliefs about learning and the subject(1996:719). There seems to be a recurring theme that what teachers believe in one area of instruction impacts on practices and conceptions in the other domains. My belief of assessment, for example, is shaped by my conceptualisation of learning and teaching and therefore, affect the way that I teach and assess. In order to produce as many espoused beliefs as possible, questions must be asked about beliefs in all of Calderheads five domains. As educators we need to ask questions of a more extensive nature which refer to our beliefs, goals and values. By reflecting on these questions, espoused theories can be elicited. Our responsibilities, therefore, as teachers, is to make the tacit explicit. Shulman (1988:22) also points out that teachers will become better educators when they begin to have explicit answers to certain questions. Osterman and Kottkamp (2004) suggest: Why did events take place as they did? What ideas and feelings prompted my actions? Did my actions correspond with my intentions? Did my actions lead to the outcomes I intended? (2004:49) Shulman(1993:34) says that answering such questions not only makes a teacher become skilled but it also requires a combination of reflection on practical experience as well as theoretical understanding. Ghaye (2011) suggest the use of value statements where information is collected about espoused beliefs and which can begin with the words I believeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ followed by the word becauseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The first half of the statement is concerned with the what, while the second half focuses on why, or the rationale for the what . (2011:102) Convery (2001:139) maintains that reflection can only be developed in social and emotional circumstances. This is in contrast with Schà ¶ns lack of attention to the role of dialogue in teachers learning as reflection is also a social process requiring, what I would emphasise as collaborative discussion, to allow the development of a critical perspective and also that cognitive skills are developed as a means of improving practice. Cognitive skills refer to espoused theories and beliefs, values, actions and attitudes. Emotional aspects denote feelings. Osterman and Kottkamp (1993:20) note that feelings are essential because actions are influenced by feelings as well as actions. Teachers could be asked to describe feelings that encouraged certain action, in order to further explore the theories-in-use where people can become aware of how unconsciously expectations reinforce their actions when they are forced to reflect on their feelings and deliberate how certain feelings make them think and behave. Osterman and Kottkamp (1993) note that only by understanding the personal reaction of ourselves and others can we come to a full understanding of the problem and develop appropriate solutions. (1993:24). This is also endorsed by Brockbank and McGill (1998:85) who maintain that part of the skill in facilitating reflective learning though reflective dialogue is to grapple with that tendency for inter-personal collusion. Any self-reflection needs to be supported and supplemented by dialogue by a professional colleague which will add to the potentiality for reflecting over and above that which one would undertake on his own. Brockbank and McGill suggest that this form of questioning can encourage teachers to look at traits of behaviour that they might be oblivious to. Indeed, asking professionals to explore aspects of their teaching processes, which could have been easily overlooked, can be helpful in their professional development. This is because teachers would be required to express areas of their practice which they would never have reflected on without inspiration from their co-workers or critical friendships'(Day, 1995:123), which increases the possibilities of moving though stages of reflection to confrontation of thinking and practice within professional development to reinforce a sense of responsibility by affirming confidence in teachers professionalism ( Day, 1995: 124) As a result, discrepancies are easily identified between actions and outcomes. Another way of noticing discrepancies between espoused theories and theories-in-use is to question or compare expectations and perceptions held by the person who is describing the practice and those who listen. Loughran (2006:57) notes that working with colleaguesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦provides the opportunity of gaining advice and feedbackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and of continuing to push to make the tacit explicit. Livingston and Schiach (2010:85-86) note that a collaborative approach will result in better outcomes by bringing together different perspectives and having the opportunity to develop mutual understanding to create new knowledge and meaning. Listening to assumptions of other teachers about what strengthens a particular teachers practice can improve the identification of discrepancies of behaviour. As a result, the teacher can reflect whether what he espouses about practice is similar with others thinking of what is happening in action. As a result of this, any discrepancies between actions and outcomes are revealed and one can ask whether these assumptions are appropriate for what we aim to achieve in our practice or whether we should discuss other alternative interpretations for a different outcome and improvements. Once these improvements in our practice are put in place , once can reflect further on the nature of these improvements(Ghaye and Ghaye, 1998). One can examine whether the method to achieve these improvements has taken place as espoused where there is a discrepancy between beliefs and action, or whether the level of these improvements is the expected where there is a discrepancy between actions and outcome s. Consequently, personal growth and development is possible when an awareness of the nature and influence of an action is developed. As a result, does a teachers action lead to preferred outcomes, or are those actions associated with espoused theories? These discrepancies can be identified either between espoused theories and theories-in use or between actions and outcomes. Academics agree that engaging in reflective practice is neither a direct process nor a process with a predetermined conclusion. It is a process that is recurring (Argyris and Shà ¶n, 1974; Day, 1999; Osterman and Kottkamp, 1993; Pollard, 2002). When educators involve themselves in reflective practice they aim to bring about substantial changes in practice in which they will achieve their long-term goals and their aim of developing professionally. This can only be achieved if they become aware of their underlying theories-in-use and being able to recognize the discrepancies between espoused theories and theories-in-use. This process gives them the opportunity to move between different stages of reflection. They may have taken on board a colleagues recommendations, for example and begun to identify discrepancies of behaviour. This would make them aware of other aspects of their practice before reflection on new ways of action. As a result, the cycle of reflection begins again. To conclude, this essay has attempted to take an overview of professional development through reflective practice in terms of the literature, what is meant by reflection, the key Theorists associated with Reflection, and its practical use in professional practice. Change in practice plays an important part in professional development and, while I believe that self-reflection is important, it can only be achieved by reflecting with other colleagues where espoused theories and theories in use can be identified and developed to further professional development where the objective is to identify discrepancies between espoused theories and theories in use.

Neonates and Birth :: Pregnancy Health Neonatal Essays

Neonates and Birth Neonates have no psychology. If operated upon, for instance, they are not supposed to show signs of trauma later on in life. Birth, according to this school of thought is of no psychological consequence to the newborn baby. It is immeasurably more important to his "primary caregiver" (mother) and to her supporters (read: father and other members of the family). It is through them that the baby is, supposedly, effected. This effect is evident in his (I will use the male form only for convenience's sake) ability to bond. The late Karl Sagan professed to possess the diametrically opposed view when he compared the process of death to that of being born. He was commenting upon the numerous testimonies of people brought back to life following their confirmed, clinical death. Most of them shared an experience of traversing a dark tunnel. A combination of soft light and soothing voices and the figures of their deceased nearest and dearest awaited them at the end of this tunnel. All those who experienced it described the light as the manifestation of an omnipotent, benevolent being. The tunnel - suggested Sagan - is a rendition of the mother's tract. The process of birth involves gradual exposure to light and to the figures of humans. Clinical death experiences only recreate birth experiences. The womb is a self-contained though open (not self-sufficient) ecosystem. The Baby's Planet is spatially confined, almost devoid of light and homeostatic. The fetus breathes liquid oxygen, rather than the gaseous variant. He is subjected to an unending barrage of noises, most of them rhythmical. Otherwise, there are very few stimuli to elicit any of his fixed action responses. There, dependent and protected, his world lacks the most evident features of ours. There are no dimensions where there is no light. There is no "inside" and "outside", "self" and "others", "extension" and "main body", "here" and "there". Our Planet is exactly converse. There could be no greater disparity. In this sense - and it is not a restricted sense at all - the baby is an alien. He has to train himself and to learn to become human. Kittens, whose eyes were tied immediately after birth - could not "see" straight lines and kept tumbling over tightly strung cords. Even sense data involve some modicum and mode s of conceptualization (see: "Appendix 5 - The Manifold of Sense"). Even lower animals (worms) avoid unpleasant corners in mazes in the wake of nasty experiences.

Netflix’s business model Essay

Analysis part Question 1 In its competition with Netflix, where did Blockbuster go wrong? How was the use of customer data a key differentiator? How might Blockbuster have better positioned itself against Netflix? Answer 3 things that Blockbuster goes wrong are: 1. Slow & Inadequate Response â€Å"No Late Fees† program was misleading â€Å"Total Access† program was not well integrated – customers had to maintain separate accounts for the Web-based system and the store. 2. Structural Issues Stores were franchise-based and Web site was maintained by corporate Capex requirements for starting a separate Web-based logistics system to deliver DVDs by mail 3. Lack of Information Systems Lack of knowledge about its customers’ preferences and behaviors Lack of an appropriate CRM system Question 2 What are the core competencies of Netflix’s current business model (primary DVD-by-mail with an online component)? Assess the value of Netflix’s business as described in the case Answer Core competencies of Netflix’s current business model 1. Flexibility †¢ Subscription model – no late fees! †¢ Customers could rent and watch movies on their own schedules 2. Selection and Logistics †¢ No physical stores †¢ Allowed deep selection in a wide variety of genres 3. Convenience †¢ Mail delivery obviated the need to drive to bricks-and-mortar stores †¢ Queuing system on Web site allowed customers to have a constant flow of movies 4. Customer Insight †¢ Cinematch collaborative filtering algorithms aided the discovery process – better customer experience †¢ Recommendation system and analytics allowed deeper understanding of customer trends, which let Netflix adapt better and more quickly Question 3 What effects will the rise of the VOD market likely have on Netflix’s business model? How does VOD threaten Netflix’s business? What opportunities does it present? For opportunities, Netflix has ability to license its platform, be the benchmark in movie streaming and higher impact of Netflix’s existing CRM system. Therefore, Netflix has to shift organizational focus from logistic efficiency to technology excellence and need to invest in owning a platform to provide the service In terms of threats, the current physical distribution channel will become a liability and competitors like Apple, which has the know-how to sell online and holds a huge customer database and brand equity, will become a threat. Then, Netflix need to shift investment from logistics to technology, continue to build the Netflix brand as an instant provider of movies from studios to customers’ homes and to invest in customer loyalty and CRM solutions Question 4 Which of Netflix’s current competencies can it best leverage as a competitive advantage in VOD? Which might be liabilities (refer to the comparing value drivers in the Video Rental Market) Netflix has three core competencies to succeed in VOD market which are wide selection, brand equity and customer relationships and recommendation tool and customer knowledge. However, there are weaknesses for Netflix in moving toward VOD market, the warehouse and facilities and employee overhead will threaten Netflix in term of cost since Netflix will rely heavily on technology. Question 5 What kind of partnerships should Netflix prioritize: partnerships with content providers or with hardware/device manufacturers? Partnership Prioritization: Parallel Tracking  Netflix should not limit itself; goal is to be a service provider, not a content producer or a hardware manufacturer. Don’t compete in areas where Netflix is at point of parity; compete where Netflix has advantages. Roll up Roku effort under umbrella of device partnerships; devote resources across all initiatives evenly. Becoming the service provider and content recommender on all cable platforms is a top priority. Assume that movie studios and other content producers will want to distribute via Netflix; it is in their best interest. 1) Competition between Netflix and Blockbuster  (where Blockbuster goes wrong): The case revealed that in general without doubt Netflix was much more stronger than Blockbuster. Netflix could carry a much larger quantity and diversity across genders and at the same time Blockbuster was constrained by physical limitations imposed by its bricks-and-mortar stores, generally limited its selection to mainstream titles. Furthermore, Blockbuster made very big inconvenience for the customers who wanted to keep the movies longer time (because it limited rentals from one to five days). Moreover, customers had to pay additional amount of money (a fee) if they returned a video late. Blockbuster’s pricing model meant the customers had to pay each time they rented a video, while Netflix charged a flat subscription and were allowed to rent one to five DVDs at one time with no limit on how many could be rented in a month or no due date. Therefore, Netflix’s pricing schemes gave customers a greater flexibility comparing with Blockbuster’s pricing which was not so attractive for current customers. Also, Blockbuster could not offer for its customers one of the main things in business world – the flexibility , because it was constrained by inventory at its stores, but Netflix was strong enough to provide flexibility for customers. The problem was that main focus of a business model was based not on inventory warehouses what had negative effects for customers limiting them on keeping movies as long as they wanted to have them. However, †no late fee† program , the one Blockbuster was using, later, was also not so successful for the company as it was expected. And finally, the latest one,†¦

Neologisms Come and Go

Neologisms Come and Go Neologisms Come and Go Neologisms Come and Go By Mark Nichol New words are being developed all the time, and there’s nothing we can do to stop this continuous expansion of our vocabulary- other than stop speaking, writing, and thinking, that is. After all, every word was new once. However, the lexicographical graveyard is crowded both with words that never caught on and with others that were long ubiquitous but are now obsolete. And though many dictionary entries have existed for decades, and quite a few are centuries old, many neologisms do not survive. Dictionary.com recently announced that it is adding about 300 new words to its website and updating nearly 2,000 more definitions to reflect changes and additions to word meanings. Some of the new words have been coined in response to an evolving understanding of gender and sexuality. For example, hijra, borrowed from Hindustani, refers to transgender people. (Some Asian countries have begun to recognize as a third gender people who identify as a gender other than the one they were assigned at birth.) Misgender is a term pertaining to the misidentification of a person’s gender. Panromantic denotes someone whose sexual attraction is not limited by gender. Meanwhile, ze is the result of a persistent effort among gender activists to remedy the awkward absence of an official English pronoun that pertains to both- ahem, all- genders. (Here’s the already widely accepted solution to that problem.) No matter what your opinion about gender fluidity or gender identity, such words will continue to elbow their way into dictionaries; after all, they fill a need that some people believe exists. These specific terms might not survive, but because art imitates life, the art of verbal expression will always evolve to reflect changes to culture and society. Other words that pertain to gender or sexuality but have more jocular senses are more likely to be ephemeral. New Dictionary.com entries in these categories that no one should bet on include lumbersexual, a play on metrosexual- does anyone use that word anymore?- that refers to men who affect outdoorsy-looking attire in urban settings; manspread, referring to the habit among some males of claiming more than their fair share of seating space by parting their legs widely; and presstitute, a portmanteau word of sorts describing a journalist biased toward financial interests. Then there’s â€Å"mom jeans,† a phrase referring to an unfashionable item of clothing. One can influence the acceptance or rejection of terms on a small scale by refusing to use them or by avoiding publications or programs that do so, but development of new vocabulary terms is an organic process that, like life itself, is not easily suppressed. But as is the case with new types of life-forms, many new words will not prevail. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'tsWhat to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowPunctuation Is Powerful

Martin Eden as Jack London essays

Martin Eden as Jack London essays Jack Londons best novel Martin Eden is full of despair and fight with the failures and disappointment. It is nearly as moving as the biography of the author himself. Jack London perfectly revealed the life of the sailor and worker, which is very similar to his own life story in spirit and content also. The main character of the book, Martin Eden worked extremely hard to reach the heights of intellectual development. He worked not only by studying, but also he had to stand a lot of hard physical work, from which he had to make his living. The American Dream of success fascinated both Martin Eden and Jack London. Martins destiny reflects the experiences of the authors own life. During the first years of writing, Jack London met with many difficulties, which influenced Edens literary work too. Furthermore, Jack London hated oppression and capitalism. The same we can say about Martin Eden. He was out of bourgeois world, but could not return to his class also. Both Martin Eden and Jack London ended their lives by committing a suicide. Eden, as well as London could not find the way through stereotyped society and their life, full of contradictions. On the other hand, there are also some differences in the stories of those two men. Firstly, Martin Eden was not married at all, while Jack London had two wives during his life. Secondly, Martin Eden had no children. What is more, Martin was much younger when he committed a suicide than Jack London at the time he ended his life. Also, Jack Londons mother was alive, while Martin had only a sister. In conclusion I think that Martin Eden is very realistic and persuasive story, in which author frankly tells the sweets and the bitters of life of a young man, according to his own experience. ...

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global warming - Research Paper Example The author has rightly presented that global warming refers to climate change that represents an increase in the average temperature of the Earth. It is defined as â€Å"increase in the earth’s atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the Greenhouse Effect caused especially by pollution†. The definition explains the climate change, which is increase in average temperature of the planet. The climate change is linked with the Greenhouse Effect. The effect will be discussed in detail later, but the major element causing the effect is the amount of greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the major component of the greenhouse gases. Therefore, a link can be drawn between climate change and the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This relation was first discovered in a study explaining the Ice Ages. The outcome of the study suggested that the lower level of carbon dioxide gas might explain the Ice Ages. The major contributing scientists in establishing this relationship and predicting global warming were Arrhenius and Chamberlin. Arrhenius was the first to calculate the magnitude of the effect on global temperature in 1896 and bought up the possibility of future warming. The calculations were done mainly to explain Ice Ages and the possibility of global warming was not stressed upon. Furthermore, the idea was not widely accepted by scientists. This idea was revived in 1938, but was not widely accepted till early 1960s. ... It is, therefore, important that we know the cost of our lifestyle and the direction we are heading towards. 1.2 The issue is of prime importance as it relates to our home, earth. The degradation of the environment will ultimately affect us or our next generations in particular. The magnitude of the effect is increasing at an alarming rate and its consequences are beyond our wildest imagination. The issue came into limelight with rising sea level and in particular the melting of the polar caps. As we discover more we realize its importance. Every system on earth is interlinked and its consequences are widespread. Currently, the measures taken are inadequate and not at an international level. Any change in atmosphere or our environment affects complete earth and we all become sufferers for our collective actions. The world needs to unite to solve this issue and an international policy must be made to fight against global warming. Survival has always been the most important priority fo r any living organisms. The issue relates to the survival of our kind, but it is not given due importance which it deserves. 1.3 Without the atmosphere, the earth would be much colder, when related to the distance of our planet from the sun (Postma 2). In simple, earth is much warmer than it should be because of its atmosphere. It was first discovered by Tyndall in 1859 that gases can trap heat rays (Reville 1). The most important of these was simple water vapor. Carbon dioxide, though in very less quantity was also found to be very effective. This effect was later called â€Å"Greenhouse Effect†. The question arises; is Greenhouse Effect the main cause for global warming? This question forms the basis for this research paper and after

The cost of capital Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The cost of capital - Assignment Example Another problem which may appear by considering the cost of new debt as the hurdle rate is the difficulty of quantifying this cost because debt is often not traded, and also yield to maturity is not available because there is no market price for the debt. Moreover, in the case of bank loans, the interest rates may be subject to reconsiderations over the life of the new investment due to changes in firm’s financial statements or general deterioration of its financial condition. So, it would not be in the interest of shareholders to not take into account all this issues when considering capital budgeting decisions. Furthermore, considering this approach of taking into account only the cost of new debt used to fund the investment, it would be a disproportionate allocation to the new investment, which would result in overestimating the shareholders wealth. The cost of capital should play an important role in the committee’s work and in their decision making process. This committee must decide the best alternatives to finance the firm, at the minimum cost of capital in order to maximize the shareholders’ wealth (Reilly & Brown, 2002). This concept is also related to capital budgeting because the cost of capital is an opportunity cost, a hurdle rate used for comparison with rates of return and also a discount rate used for evaluating projects. Estimation of the cost of capital is a central issue for investment decision making. If a firm is investing in projects with rates of return higher than the cost of capital, the firm has created value, whereas if the firm is investing in projects with rates of return lower than the cost of capital has actually destroyed value. An increase in the capital budget of the firm determines an increase in the WACC due to the following reasons. If the new investment is financed by issuing new equity, this involves additional flotation costs,

AUDIT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

AUDIT - Essay Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Advantages and Disadvantages of an External Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Description of Risk-Based Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Identified Business Risks at Lordbury Playhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Role of the External Auditor in the Detection of Fraud at Lordbury Playhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Bibliography 1. Introduction This refers to your letter dated May 3, 2011 regarding the completed year-end audit of the Spectrum Theater Group Ltd. I have endeavored to give an explanation of the reasons for the huge amount charged for said audit. 2. Legal Requirements to have or not to have an External Audit There are legal mandates in UK for the con duct of external audit in an organization such as the Spectrum Theater Group Ltd. Under the Companies Act of 1985 , auditors are required to audit the annual financial statements of the organization and to submit a corresponding report to management if said report meets the requirements of said Act. The auditors shall also include in their report their findings regarding the accounting records of the organization if properly maintained. ... in accordance with the Combined Code on Corporate Governance effective November 1, 2003, we are also required to review compliance of the organization with the Listing Rules of the said code and to report findings accordingly. 3. The Advantages and Disadvantages of an External Audit An external audit aims to review the company’s financial statements and internal controls for the auditor to give an opinion as to whether the said financial statements are fairly presented. The auditor can also comment on the weaknesses of financial controls and records he finds in the audit. While recognizing the valid purpose of an audit, it has some advantages and disadvantages. Advantages Findings of the auditor regarding financial controls and operational weaknesses or inadequacies can be immediately corrected/improved/enhanced by management; Assurance for management and board of directors that accounting controls and processes used are in place and effective. Accurate financial statement is basis for proper tax filings of the organization , thus penalties and interests can be prevented ; The company’s image or status is improved/enhanced resulting to greater opportunities for projects by in-coming investors and trust by regulatory agencies and the public. Disadvantages The expenses incurred to pay the auditor and the cost of documentation shall involve a huge amount. The agency can rely on their internal auditors to conduct the investigation. External auditor gains access to confidential records. Duplication of efforts of internal auditors and external auditors conducting the audit procedures at the same time, same period for the same purpose. 4. Description of Risk-based Auditing Risk-based audit focuses on risks assessment and prioritization of risks rather than giving

The Many Uses of Adobe Illustrator Essay Example for Free

The Many Uses of Adobe Illustrator Essay With Adobe Illustrator, I can create drawings or pictures for my automotive class. We have a thing where when we are seniors we get a shirt with someone’s drawing on it. In college I can use Illustrator to do basically the same thing, but with different classes. I can use Illustrator in the work force if I decide to be a computer graphic designer; this will be really useful for me to know all the skills in order for me to be able to do a good job at that job. With Adobe Photoshop, I can create different posters, or change pictures, or even create drawings as well. I can use this in school when I again, create the drawings in my automotive class. In college, I can use it, if I take some graphics classes, I can show that I have some experience with Photoshop, and that will probably give me some points in getting accepted to the class. In the work force, I could be a photographer and edit the pictures to my liking and make sure everything looks nice. With Adobe InDesign, I can create posters, flyers, brochures, magazines etc. This will be really useful in High School if I need to create a poster or magazine for a project or for the school itself. In College, I can use it to maybe make a few books or newspapers for the teachers and also maybe for projects. In the work force, I can become a newspaper writer, maybe for the Las Vegas Review Journal. Using Adobe InDesign will be really useful for a newspaper writer, because of all the cool things it can do. With Adobe Flash Professional, I can create animations and videos. In High School this will be really useful if I need to make a video for a project. In college this will be equally important and useful because I can again make videos or animations for some of my classes that may require that. In the work force, I can become a video editor for movies. I can use Adobe Flash to edit the movies and change them how I like them. All these programs relate to each other in different ways. You can upload Adobe Illustrator projects into Adobe Photoshop, Adobe InDesign, or Adobe Flash Professional. Each one can be used with other ones. Adobe Photoshop projects can be uploaded to Adobe Flash Professional or Adobe InDesign. They all have an important part in making up the Adobe Creative Suite CS5 because they are equally important. Each one has its own part in helping out people to have creative ideas and make them come to life on the screen.

Characteristics of Experimental Research

Characteristics of Experimental Research 1) Hatties (2003) participants were classified as experienced or expert according to the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards certification process. This process is based on the best available evidence of what constitutes high standards of teaching and learning and has been rigorously researched and evaluated. On the boards website it says All of the research contributes to understanding and improving the National Board Certification process. Yet, it is misleading to draw major conclusions about the overall value and impact of National Board Certification based solely on individual studies. No single study or small group of studies can effectively describe the range of impact of the National Board Certification process. (see http://www.nbpts.org/resources/research/impact_of_certification#impact) They stop short of saying that the research proves that accreditation improves the quality of teaching and learning and this is in accord to with what Johnson and Christensen (2008) say you [should] eliminate the word prove from your vocabulary when you are talking about research? p22 What does Johnson and Christensen (2008) mean and why are the NBPST so modest about their claims? On the contrary to the misunderstandings by many that a hypothesis can be tested and proven to be true through research, Johnson and Christensen (2008) asserts that research is not a tool based on which a phenomena can be proved to be true. It is a systematic process which acquires data of a relevant topic or an issue, analyses the data, interprets and reports information. Research helps to understand a particular assumption or a claim to be reasonable, unreasonable or assist to understand the reality. Johnson and Christensen (2008) chapters one, two and three helps to understand that there are two approaches to research: qualitative and quantitative research, which have led to different methods of inquiry in order to understand what is to be true or what constitute reality. Hatties (2003) research indicates the importance of educational research in understanding the important factors contributing to teaching and learning. However, as each educational setting differs from another, ed ucators need to be able to read and to interpret research findings to their own contexts to be able to have better implications. According to Johnson and Christensen (2008), and McMillan (2004), educators also need to be able to question the quality of the research and take into consideration the credibility of the research and the usefulness of the outcomes in making informed decisions about teaching and learning in their own contexts. Johnson and Christensen (2008) suggest that better judgment cannot be based on a single or small sample research studies but multiple studies using mixed methods research methods. Generalizing the research outcomes in to the educational settings needs to be based on the quality and the nature of study taken place, participants and the research methods used and comparing other studies to see if there are any correlating conclusion on previous studies 2) What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research? Active manipulation of an independent variable is the key defining characteristic of an experimental research. The characteristic of experimental research is where the researcher objectively observes a phenomena which is made to occur in a strictly controlled situation where one or more variables are systematically changed by manipulation. Active manipulation is not involved in any other types of research. Because of this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦experimental research provides the strongest evidence of all the research methods about the existence of cause and effect relationships (Johnson, Christensen 2008,p.41) 3) A researcher discovered that students who studied mathematics at University scored higher on a test of problem solving ability at the end of their degree than students who did not. The researcher argued that the study of mathematics should be encouraged because it improves a students ability to solve problems What type of design is this? Do you agree with the researchers conclusion? Give reasons. What type of design is this? Quantitative, causal-comparative research design. Do you agree with the researchers conclusion? Give reasons. Do not agree with the research conclusion. Johnson Christensen suggesrts that a well design experimental research is virtually always better for determining cause and effect than causal-comparative research or any other type of non experimental research(p.43). Due to the fact that non experimental research does not allow for manipulation of independent variables and weaker techniques of controlling extraneous variables, cause and effect relationships are unable to be substantiated. Cause and effect is better explained in experimental research than in causal-comparative research (pp.43, 48). According to Johnson Christensen (2008.pp.43-48), and McMillan (2004. P194), there are times that causal-comparative research necessary to be conducted. The purpose of this research intended to be to investigate causal relationships when an experiment is not possible. However, the research needs to have prior research evidence to substantiate or validate claims made by the research been conducted. Causal comparative research needs to demonstrate that all extraneous variables are being recognized and considered for an impartial conclusion. Due to the fact that the existing groups are used in the comparison, attention needs to be given to the possible differences in characteristics and other factors which might influence the research outcome. Causal comparative research often fails to demonstrate the influences of extraneous variables on the research participants. 4) Contrast the main characteristics of phenomenological and ethnographic approaches to research. Give an illustration of how each approach could be applied to questions that are relevant to your workplace Phenomenological and ethnographical research approaches are two of five Qualitative research methods and all of which share some common characteristics. Phenomenology understands the essence of experience. Phenomenological study focuses on how research participants experience certain phenomena. The researchers describe and interpret the experience of the participants in order to understand their own perspectives of the phenomenon. As Merleau-Ponty (1962) states, We can only really understand phenomenology by doing it there is a difference between comprehending phenomenology intellectually and understanding it from the inside (van Manen 1984). (Observation: a complex research method.(Ethnological methods). http://find.galegroup.com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/ Ethnographic research however, is not about individual perception or experience, its about a group perceptions, people or a cultural belonging or social norms. Ethnographic study intends to provide in-depth descriptions and identification of cultural norms or values such as attitudes, practices and norms among a group of people. The researchers include a holistic account in describing how a someone become a part of a group: how they interact and how they identify themselves as a group. Ethnography at the work place would identify how the team operates within the work environment; the identity of the team; common practices which would identify the characteristic of the team. Ethnography enables people to adapt or adopt to be part of the work environment; to belong to the team. Phenomenology would identify how individuals operate and perceives situations, concepts and issues. It helps to analyse personal experiences of different individuals. E.g. how one person experience or understands an issue or a concept might be different to another person. Therefore the experience and the interpretations are different. 5) In his paper, Hattie (2003) draws upon a number of lines of evidence to show that it is what teachers do that makes a difference to student outcomes, and he then reports on a study which attempts to show what expert teachers do. Firstly, he alludes to studies that employ Hierarchical Linear Modeling techniques which demonstrate that what teachers do has an important impact on student learning (see page 1). Next, he describes the results of a series of Meta Analyses which show that different the sorts of activities which teachers do have different effects on student learning (see page 3). Then, he reports on the results of a literature review which identifies the characteristics of expert teachers (see page 5). Finally, he describes a study (see page 10) which demonstrates that these characteristics can in fact differentiate between expert and merely experienced teachers. In other words he has shown that these are meaningful characteristics and are therefore things that teachers should aspire to as they are markers of high standards of teaching and learning. The following table shows the forms of data which Hattie (2003) used in his study to assess the 15 dimensions they used to distinguish expert from experienced teachers. Name the research paradigm he used in this study and describe its advantages. Which specific type of design did he employ (please give reasons for your choice?) The Research paradigm Hattie (2003) uses is the Mixed methods research Design, a combination of Qualitative and Quantitative research methods. In his study, Hattie identifies meaningful characteristics and proposes a paradigm, a view that teachers should aspire to become expert teachers as opposed to becoming experienced in order to promote better outcomes for teaching and learning. He distinguishes the expert and the experienced teacher, and the influence they have on childrens learning outcomes. He arrived at these conclusions by using Mixed method research model in order to demonstrate credibility of his study and the research outcome. The research framework used by a researcher is important as it guides the research and it affects the research outcomes. The quality of a research depends on the methods of data collection, and the quality is influenced and enhanced by multiple methods of data collection. If only one method of research is used, the research findings might be influen ced by the limitations of the techniques used and therefore considered as a weaker study and the limitations needs to be explained. Multiple methods allow for credibility and strengthens the research outcome therefore allows for a strong proposition of the study being conducted. Johnson and Christensen 2004, (p.51) suggest using multiple perspectives and research methods in a single study strengthens the purpose of the study and provides clarity and credibility compared to a study used a single research methodology. Although different research methods have its own strengths and weaknesses, the researchers ability to use the mixed method design successfully prevents the research outcomes showing overlapping weaknesses. The fundamental process of mixed method research suggests it is wise to collect multiple sets of data using different research methods and approaches in such a way that the resulting mixture or combination has complementary strength and non overlapping weaknesses (p.51 ). As Johnson and Christensen suggest that an experimental research is able to better demonstrate causality but limited in realism due to the experimental setting that the research is being conducted. Realism is well demonstrated in ethnographic studies where the researcher is able to observe participants in their natural settings but limited in demonstrating causality compared to the experimental methodologies. As Hatties study consist of a variety of methods, it suggest a strong validity for his findings and therefore able to use it as an argument proposing that teacher needs to aspire to become experts in promoting better learning outcomes for children. 6) Identify the research topic(s), research problem(s), research purpose(s) and research question(s) in Brighton and Hertbergs (2004). Brighton, C., M. Hertberg, H., L. (2004). Reconstructing the vision: Teachers responses to the invitation to change. Research in Middle Level Education Online, 27(2), 1-20. Identify the research topic(s), Teacher Attitudes;  Teacher Response;  Educational Change;  Classroom Techniques;  Instructional Innovation;  Attitude Change;  Teaching Models variety of factors, including teachers pre-existing beliefs about teaching and learning, and teachers willingness and capacity for reflection greatly influence their responses to differentiation in heterogeneous, middle school classrooms. Research problem(s), Many teachers in these settings downplay the differences among the students and teach to the middle, not catering for childrens individual needs Not catering for increasingly diverse student population heterogeneously grouped classrooms are consistent with middle school philosophy as well as recommendations from leading middle school advocacy groups, Educational philosophy Research purpose(s) Address the variation in student academic readiness, interests, and learning profiles. . Research question(s) 1. What are teachers responses to the invitation to change their beliefs and practices to better address students academic diversity? 2. What patterns of teachers responses to this invitation emerge? 7) The Director of a local Preschool wants to know whether children should begin the day with a flag raising ceremony and the singing of the National Anthem. Is this a researchable question as stated? Why or why not? If not, how might you modify it to become one? Is this a researchable question as stated? No Why or why not? It is unethical Best practice of educational research is to avoid questions which are sensitive to moral and ethical principles and practices, and should not be subjected to empirical research for solutions. Flag and the National Anthem inform nationhood and identity of a country and a group of people. Therefore, suggesting whether the flag should be raised is unethical and unethical questions are inappropriate to be researched. Christenson and Johnson states these ideas typically involves making judgments of aesthetics, morality and religions(p.64).what is morally right, and proper and improper differs from one culture to another culture. The directors intention to raise the flag and to sing the national Anthem has potential to foster a sense of cultural identity within the preschool community. One could question which flag will be raised? What is the dynamic of the preschool setting? What is the contributing factor to initiate such a practice? Is the whole community represented with one flag? Is the flag representative of all cultures or a particular group? Is it going to foster unity or divide? What is the purpose of this suggestion? Individual beliefs and practices are influenced by the cultural practices and the society that people are part of and these beliefs and values are instilled from an early age. People are therefore sense and feel differently about issues and practices. Raising the flag and singing the National Anthem is culturally specific and the need to initiate such a ceremony needs to be clearly explained. Searching for ethics provided a valuable article which is worth mentioning, perhaps not directly relevant to the question being asked, yet provides an insight about humanity. Recent Russian history should have put to rest the view that everything is learned and man is infinitely malleable. After 75 years of cruel tyranny during which every effort was made to destroy civil society to create the New Soviet Man, we learn that people kept civil society alive, if not well. The elemental building blocks of that society were not isolated individuals easily trained to embrace any doctrine or adopt any habits; they were families, friends, and intimate groupings in which sentiments of sympathy, reciprocity, and fairness survived and struggled to shape behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Mankinds moral sense is not a strong beacon light, radiating outward to illuminate in sharp outline all that it touches. It is, rather, a small candle flame, casting vague and multiple shadows, flickering and sputtering i n the strong winds of power and passion, greed and ideology. But brought close to the heart and cupped in ones hands, it dispels the darkness and warms the soul. The moral sense: presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1992. American Political Science Review  87.n1  (March 1993):  pp1(11). http://find.galegroup.com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/ If not, how might you modify it to become one? Children growing up knowing and singing the National Anthem and being part of flag raising ceremonies can be positive experiences.. One way the question can be modified to reflect the preschool program is to focus on the routine by explaining the reason for such a proposition and to explain how this will be carried out. Question: Dear parents and families, Would you like to give permission for your child to participate in a morning routine where the children will have the opportunity to raise the flag and to sing the National Anthem? Through this experience the children will have the opportunity to become familiar with the National Anthem and will have the opportunity participate in the practical experience of raising the flag. Children will do this by being part of small groups and will have turns in raising the flag on different days. Please circle yes or no or feel free to write any comments as your inputs are valuable to our program. Yes No Other comments:______________________________________ 8) How do quantitative and qualitative research questions differ in structure? In quantitative research, the questions are clearly and consciously articulated to communicate what will be studied. An important aspect of the question formulation is to convey the information about the variables which will be investigated. Knowing or understanding the variable is an important element in quantitative studies. An example of a quantitative question would be Do children from low socio economic families, who attend preschool programs five days a week develop fluent writing skills compared to who do not? In the quantitative studies, the question will specify or name the variables and often may explain how they may be related in single statements. Qualitative studies, like quantitative research involves looking at a general problem. However structuring of specific statements and questions differ greatly. Purpose and the logic of questions differ compared to quantitative questions. Qualitative questions are more open ended, general, and does not involves variables. As an example, What can preschool teachers do to enhance childrens literacy learning? In general, qualitative questions are more open ended and quantitative questions are close ended. (Johnson Christensen, McMillan 2004) 9) An investigator wishes to identify the factors that predict persistence in problem solving tasks. In an application to the Ethics committee he describes a study in which observations are made of preschool children who are given 5 minutes to solve a puzzle. However, in reality the puzzle has no solution. What are the major ethical issues raised by this study and what procedures should the experimenter employ to comply with ethical standards? Child development and early child hood education and care literatures inform that childrens ability to complete tasks or to engage in problem solving experiences are guided by their environments, the adults around them, their moods, interests and many other factors of the times. A childs ability to persist cannot be measured by a 5 minutes observation with manipulating a puzzle. Childrens skills and abilities vary according to their developmental stages and the opportunities they have with learning experiences. Each child is unique in his or her developmental status. Perhaps the research could have focused on childrens ability to concentrate in tasks by providing a number of activities for children to choose from and by observing their attention with the chosen activity. Johnson and Christensen states many of the tests that are used with preschool children are referred to as screening tests rather than intelligence tests or academic achievement tests primarily because the predictive validity of many of the preschool tests is weak (p160). Therefore, an achievement test of puzzle and problem solving is not appropriate for a preschool age group. Procedures that the experimenter needs to employ to comply with ethical standards: The researcher needs to have informed consent from the participants, and in this case from parents or guardians, and given the purpose of the study, procedures, risks, benefits, alternative procedures and limits of confidentiality. 10) The purpose of this question is to start you thinking more deeply about an area of practice that interests and to introduce you and your interests to the group. This will enable individuals with similar interests to find one other and begin working cooperatively designing studies in subsequent modules qualitative (Module 3), non-experimental quantitative (Module 4) and experimental studies (Module 5). Please note that you are not bound by what you write here, you can change your area of interest at any time during the unit. Briefly describe please give a brief, informative and relevant title to your area of interest School readiness or transition to school programs in early childhood education an area of practice that you would like to research parents expectations of children being ready for school in early childhood settings, concepts and beliefs around the topic, Education Departments suggestions of preferred skills and knowledge as the children start school some problems that are relevant to the ongoing debate in the area some parents expect that their children to be able to write their names and know the alphabet before commencing school early childhood education in the longs day care settings and the teaching methods employed in the preschool settings parents assumptions of learning occurs at preschool and care is provided at the early child hood settings 11) Compile a literature review: On-line database searching skills Before you begin this question you should read the Finding resources module and follow the links to the Librarys support documents. Of particular interest are Library research methods: Educational Studies and, depending on your area of interest, either Researching a topic: Early Childhood Education or Researching a topic: Education Conduct four searches using Macquarie Librarys information sources (ie catalogue or on-line databases recommended for Education or Early Childhood Education) for information about your area of research interest and summarise your experience in the table below (NB this is adapted from the Research Log contained in Library research methods: Educational Studies). Briefly comment on any difficulties you faced and any strategies you might use to improve the results of subsequent searches. Search # Source Catalogue eg: MU Library Catalogue Database eg: ERIC Search Type Basic or Advanced Keyword Subject Author Search Strategy Search terms Operators (and, or) Limits Truncation Total # of hits Related terms i.e.: Descriptors Subject headings Preferred terms 1 Eric database CSA illumina Basic Key word search 16738 School readiness 2 Eric database CSA illumina Advanced, key word search Full text, Peer reviewed articles, Boolean search and or, Limit to 2009-2010, Truncation Child*, preschool* 399 Transition to school Writing skills Early learning Early childhood 3 A+ Education Informit Advanced, key word search Full text, Peer reviewed articles, Boolean search and or, Limit to 2005-2010, Truncation early childhood education* 30 School readiness Writing skills Early childhood education Preschool education 4 Expanded Academic Asap database Infotrac provider Advanced, key word search Boolean search and or Limited to Full text, peer reviewed articles All dates Truncation children* 2 literacy learning transition to school Preschool children literacy learning Comments: Need more practice on using the truncations effectively. Question Learning outcome Source 1 Understands the scientific approach to knowledge generation in terms of the basic assumptions of science, scientific method, building and testing theories and the central role that evidence plays in the process [K1.1]. Chapter 1 pp 16-23 2 Can describe the key characteristics of experimental research [K3.1]. Chapter 2, pp 41- 3 Understands the characteristics of the various types of non-experimental quantitative approaches to educational research and why it is difficult use the results of such designs to make definitive statements about cause and affect [K3.2]. Chapter 2, pp 43- 4 Understands the characteristics of the five main types of qualitative research and how they can be used to address educational problems [K3.4]. Chapter 2, pp 48- 5 Understands the types of mixed research approaches, their strengths and the contexts in which they are appropriate [K3.5]. Chapter 2 pp 51-52 Chapter 16 pp 446-448 6 Understands how research ideas are developed [K1.2]. Chapter 3 pp63-64, pp74-80 7 Understands that certain types of ideas are not directly researchable although such ideas may be able to be researched indirectly [K1.3]. Chapter 3, p 64 8 Understands how researchers define research problems, describe the purpose of their study, and develop research appropriate questions and how this process is different depending on whether the research is qualitative or quantitative in nature [K1.4]. Chapter 3 pp 74-80 9 Is aware of the ethical principles that shape and guide the research process (eg informed consent, deception, freedom to withdraw, protection from mental or physical harm, confidentiality and anonymity) and can identify which principles apply in a variety of research scenarios [K7.1] Chapter 5 10 Knows how research evidence contributes to knowledge about education policy and practice [K1.5]. Can identify critical issues which warrant further investigation [A2.1]. 11 Knows how to access existing stores of knowledge [K2.1]. Can explore the literature relating to particular aspects of professional practice [A1.1].